WarpPLS for Windows

WarpPLS is a reference partial least squares–based structural equation modeling (SEM) application used to specify, estimate, and analyze complex path models. It supports both composite-based and factor-based PLS algorithms within a single modeling environment. The software detects and models both nonlinear and linear relationships between latent variables and indicators. It also accommodates reflective and formative models, interaction, and moderation effects.

WarpPLS computes path coefficients, indirect and total effects, statistical significance values, and multiple model fit and quality indices. Analytical outputs include effect sizes, predictive validity coefficients, collinearity diagnostics, causality assessment measures, and a range of two- and three-dimensional graphical visualizations.

Construction and estimation

WarpPLS provides tools for defining latent variables, assigning indicators, and specifying directional paths between constructs. Both reflective and formative measurement structures are handled within the same model, allowing mixed specifications. The estimation process applies classic and factor-based PLS to calculate path coefficients for linear and nonlinear relationships, with nonlinearity detection adjusting functional form before estimation. Moderating effects are represented through interaction terms that are incorporated directly into the structural model.

The software calculates statistical significance for paths using resampling-based procedures, producing P values alongside coefficient estimates. Indirect effects are computed for mediation chains (two or three segments), and total effects aggregate direct and indirect influences; effect size metrics quantify individual path contributions, and $Q^2$ coefficients evaluate predictive relevance. Full collinearity coefficients are generated to assess vertical and lateral collinearity within the model structure.

It also includes built-in visualization outputs linked to model results. These include path diagrams annotated with coefficients, zoomed two-dimensional plots illustrating nonlinear relationships, and three-dimensional graphs for multivariate associations. Model fit and quality indices are reported alongside causality-related coefficients derived from the estimated paths. Outputs are organized around structural, measurement, and predictive components rather than isolated statistical tables. However, it lacks covariance-based SEM estimation.

Warp your insights

WarpPLS includes PLS-based SEM estimation, nonlinear relationship detection, and support for reflective, formative, and moderating constructs. It provides statistical testing, effect size calculations, predictive validity measures, and collinearity diagnostics. Graphical outputs cover path diagrams and two- and three-dimensional relationship plots. The software focuses on model estimation and analysis rather than data management, and it does not incorporate covariance-based SEM methods or confirmatory factor analysis outside the PLS framework.

• Updates to nonlinear relationship detection algorithms
• Additional causality assessment coefficients
• Expanded graphical visualization options